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The End-to-End Ethernet (Cont'd)
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Figure 2 and the associated table below illustrate the benefits of integrating OAM functions with service aware management for sophisticated MPLS-enabled Ethernet services such as VPLS, H-VPLS, VLL and IP-VPNs. Note that the figure and table list the features service providers should get from a vendor. However, providers will want to evaluate each vendor’s offering carefully since this level of functionality will not be available from every vendor.
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Table 1 – Carrier Ethernet Service OAM Tools
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| > LSP Ping |
> In-band utility used to detect data plane failures in LSPs and LSP connectivity
> Allows the operator to test that the LSP tunnel is working in both directions
> Based on Internet Draft draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-ping-02.tx |
| > LSP Traceroute |
> In-band utility used to determine the hop-by-hop path for an LSP
> Allows the operator to know the destination path of the packets
> Based on Internet Draft draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-ping-02.tx |
| > SDP Ping |
> In-band utility used to test a service distribution point (SDP) for unidirectional or round trip connectivity with a round trip time estimate
> Allows the operator to know if the service tunnel is reachable end to end and whether SLA delay metrics are being met |
| > SDP MTU |
> Performs in-band maximum transmission unit (MTU) path tests on an SDP to determine the largest MTU that can be supported on the SDP
> Allows the operator to get the exact MTU supported between the service ingress and service termination points (accurate to one byte) |
| > Service Ping |
> Provides end-to-end connectivity testing for an individual service.
> Verifies round-trip connectivity and delay to the far end of the service
> Allows the operator to know if an individual service is provisioned accurately |
| > VPLS MAC Ping |
> In-band and out-of-band utility that provides the means to test the learning and forwarding functions of a VPLS service instance; can also be used to display all operationally active SAPs within the VPLS service instance
> Allows the operator to know if a specific destination can be reached
> Based primarily on the IETF document draft-stokes-vkompella-ppvpn-hvpls-oam-00.txt |
| > VPLS MAC Traceroute |
> In-band or out-of-band utility used to determine the hop-by-hop path for a destination MAC address within a VPLS service instance
> Allows the operator to know the destination path of the packets
> Based primarily on the IETF document draft-stokes-vkompella-ppvpn-hvpls-oam-00.txt |
| > VPLS MAC Populate |
> Used to send a message through the flooding domain to learn a MAC address as if a customer packet with that source MAC address had flooded the domain from that ingress point in the service
> Allows the provider to know if the FIB table is accurate by testing forwarding plane correctness and is generally followed by MAC ping or MAC trace to verify if correct learning occurred
> Based primarily on the IETF document draft-stokes-vkompella-ppvpn-hvpls-oam-00.txt |
| > VPLS MAC Purge |
> Used to clear the FIB of any learned information for a particular MAC address, allows the FIB to be populated only via MAC Populate and can be used to flush all nodes in a service domain
> Allows an operator to do a controlled OAM test without learning induced by customer packets
> Based primarily on the IETF document draft-stokes-vkompella-ppvpn-hvpls-oam-00.txt |
| > IP VPN Ping |
> In-band and out-of-band utility that provides the means to test the learning and forwarding functions of an IP-VPN service instance; can also be used to display all operationally active SAPs within the IP-VPN service instance
> Allows the operator to know if a specific destination can be reached |
| > IP VPN Traceroute |
> In-band or out-of-band utility used to determine the hop-by-hop path for a destination IP address within an IP-VPN service instance
> Allows the operator to know the destination path of the packets |
| > Service Mirroring |
> Copies packets from a specific service to any remote destination point in the network, for troubleshooting
> Allows the operator to examine packets as they traverse the network and meet law enforcement requirements (e.g., CALEA)
> Service mirroring allows an operator to see the actual traffic on a customer’s service with a ‘sniffer’ sitting in a central location, reducing the need for a costly overlay sniffer network |
First, in terms of the most practical environments for VoIP implementations, SMBs with branch and/or satellite offices should seriously consider migrating to a VoIP solution. These types of companies can realize significant and immediate cost-savings through a number of reduced or eliminated expenses. These include costs for moves, adds, changes and removals, and long distance charges between offices and to clients. SMBs with a highly mobile sales force or a large number of tele-workers should also consider migrating to VoIP. In fact, according to the 2004 SMB Bundled Communications Survey, almost 70 percent of SMBs have mobile workers (See Exhibit 2). A VoIP system can provide flexibility in call configuration and call routing, allowing them to remain productive, accessible and transparent within the organization, despite their physical location.
Service aware management can enable a policy-driven approach to OAM testing, which is critical in an environment with domain-driven constraints. As an example, the CLE environment uses Metro Ethernet Forum or IEEE ping tests, while the VPLS environment may use MAC or service pings. Because a service aware manager knows which tools are relevant in which domains, users of service aware management are able to write service verification policies that may be generically applied to a richly modeled and complex service. Examples of this include policies for full mesh testing, local mesh testing, and hierarchical testing of the outer VPLS tunnel in combination with local VPLS domain testing, and so on. The service aware policy will apply the right OAM test to the right technology.
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